Spore, a reproductive capable of developing into a new individual without with another reproductive cell. Spores thus differ from, which are reproductive cells that must fuse in pairs in order to give rise to a new individual. Spores are agents of asexual, whereas gametes are agents of sexual reproduction. Spores are produced by, and.Bacterial spores serve largely as a resting, or dormant, stage in the bacterial life cycle, helping to preserve the bacterium through periods of unfavourable conditions. Spore production is particularly common among and bacteria, several species of which are disease-causing. Many bacterial spores are highly durable and can germinate even after years of dormancy. Bacillus megaterium Bacillus megaterium, an endospore-forming bacterium.

Spore (plural spores). A reproductive particle, usually a single cell, released by a fungus, alga, or plant that may.

The nearly mature spore is visible within the mother cell (magnified about 17,000 times). Pankratz, T.C.

Gerhardt/Biological Photo ServiceAmong the, spores serve a function to that of seeds in plants. Produced and released by specialized fruiting bodies, such as the edible portion of the familiar, fungal spores germinate and grow into new individuals under suitable conditions of moisture, temperature, and food availability. Many larger algae reproduce by spores and are also capable of sexual reproduction. A number of species produce monospores (walled nonflagellate spherical cells) that are carried by water currents and form a new organism upon.

Some produce nonmotile spores, called aplanospores, whereas others produce motile zoospores, which lack true cell walls and bear one or more. The flagella allow zoospores to swim to a favourable in which to develop, whereas monospores and aplanospores must rely on passive transport by water currents.

Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription.Among plants—all of which have a life cycle characterized by of asexually and sexually reproducing individuals—spores are the reproductive agents of the asexual generation. Produced by the sporophyte (i.e., spore-bearing) generation, spores give rise to the haploid gametophyte (i.e., gamete-bearing) generation. Spores are most in the non-seed-bearing plants, including,. In these lower plants, as in fungi, the spores function much like. In general, the parent plant sheds the spores locally; the spore-generating organs are frequently located on the undersides of.

The spores of plants that inhabit the edges of or lakes are frequently shed into the water or are carried there by rain and are preserved in the sediments. Wind dispersal is a factor in plants that shed their spores explosively.

Spores produced in a sporic life cycle.In, a spore is a structure, some of which are adapted for and surviving for extended periods of time in unfavorable conditions. The spores of, however, are produced internally, and it is larger structures derived from the spores that disperse (the megaspores are formed within the ovules, and the microspores later give rise to pollen grains).Spores form part of the of many, and some. According to scientist Dr. Steinn Sigurdsson, 'There are viable bacterial spores that have been found that are 40 million years old on Earth - and we know they're very hardened to radiation.'

Spores are usually and and are produced by in the of the. Once conditions are favorable, the spore can develop into a new using division, producing a, which eventually goes on to produce. Two fuse to create a new sporophyte.

This cycle is known as.Haploid spores produced by (known as ) are used by many fungi for asexual reproduction.Spores are units of; by contrast, gametes are units of, as two gametes need to fuse to create a new organism. Contents.DefinitionThe term spore derives from the word σπορά spora, meaning ', sowing,' related to σπόρος sporos, 'sowing,' and σπείρειν speirein, 'to sow.' In common parlance, the difference between a 'spore' and a ' (both together called ) is that a spore will germinate and develop into a, while a gamete needs to combine with another gamete before developing further. However, the terms are somewhat interchangeable when referring to gametes.A chief difference between spores and seeds as is that spores have little food storage compared with seeds, and thus require more favorable conditions in order to successfully germinate. (This is not without its exceptions, however: many, although multicellular, are microscopic and lack, and spores of some fungi in the commonly exceed 300 µm in diameter.) Seeds, therefore, are more resistant to harsh conditions and require less energy to start.

Spores are produced in large numbers to increase the chance of a spore surviving in a number of notable examples. Classification of spore-producing organismsspores are always. Vascular plants are either homosporous (or isosporous) or heterosporous. Plants that are homosporous produce spores of the same size and type. Heterosporous plants, such as, and some aquatic ferns produce spores of two different sizes: the larger spore (megaspore) in effect functioning as a ' spore and the smaller (microspore) functioning as a '. Classification of sporesSpores can be classified in several ways: By spore-producing structure.

In contrast, in many and heterosporous, only a single product of meiosis will become a (macrospore), with the rest degenerating.In fungi and fungus-like organisms, spores are often classified by the structure in which meiosis and spore production occurs. Spores being ejected by fungi.In fungi, both asexual and sexual spores or sporangiospores of many fungal species are actively dispersed by forcible ejection from their reproductive structures. This ejection ensures exit of the spores from the reproductive structures as well as travelling through the air over long distances. Many fungi thereby possess specialized mechanical and physiological mechanisms as well as spore-surface structures, such as, for spore ejection.

These mechanisms include, for example, forcible discharge of ascospores enabled by the structure of the ascus and accumulation of in the fluids of the ascus that lead to explosive discharge of the ascospores into the air. The forcible discharge of single spores termed ballistospores involves formation of a small drop of water , which upon contact with the spore leads to its projectile release with an initial acceleration of more than 10,000. Other fungi rely on alternative mechanisms for spore release, such as external mechanical forces, exemplified. Attracting insects, such as flies, to fruiting structures, by virtue of their having lively colours and a putrid odour, for dispersal of fungal spores is yet another strategy, most prominently used by the.In the case of spore-shedding such as, wind distribution of very light spores provides great capacity for dispersal. Also, spores are less subject to animal predation than seeds because they contain almost no food reserve; however they are more subject to fungal and bacterial predation. Their chief advantage is that, of all forms of progeny, spores require the least energy and materials to produce.In the spikemoss, dispersal is achieved in part by an unusual type of, a.References.

BBC Staff (23 August 2011). Retrieved 2011-08-24. Gray, J.; Chaloner, W. G.; Westoll, T. 'The Microfossil Record of Early Land Plants: Advances in Understanding of Early Terrestrialization, 1970-1984'. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences (1934-1990) 309 (1138): 167–195.

Wellman, C.H., Gray, J. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences 355 (1398): 717–732. Retrieved 2008-02-13. Trail F.

'Fungal cannons: explosive spore discharge in the Ascomycota'. FEMS Microbiology Letterrs 276 (1): 12–8.

Pringle A, Patek SN, Fischer M, Stolze J, Money NP. 'The captured launch of a ballistospore'. 97 (4): 866–71. www.plant-and-flower-guide.com Plant- and Flowerguide.

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